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go語(yǔ)言依賴注入guan方,go語(yǔ)言依賴管理

GO語(yǔ)言商業(yè)案例(十六):Curve-

Golang 的創(chuàng)建是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)最大的用戶效率和編碼效率。已經(jīng)熟悉 Java 或 PHP 的程序員可以在幾周內(nèi)接受 Go 的培訓(xùn)(許多人最終會(huì)更喜歡它)。在本文中,Dewet Diener 探討了 Golang 的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),以及它的測(cè)試驅(qū)動(dòng)開發(fā) (TDD) 如何完美契合。

創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)網(wǎng)站建設(shè)由有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)師、開發(fā)人員和項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理組成的專業(yè)建站團(tuán)隊(duì),負(fù)責(zé)網(wǎng)站視覺設(shè)計(jì)、用戶體驗(yàn)優(yōu)化、交互設(shè)計(jì)和前端開發(fā)等方面的工作,以確保網(wǎng)站外觀精美、成都網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)、成都網(wǎng)站建設(shè)易于使用并且具有良好的響應(yīng)性。

Golang 由 Google 開發(fā)和設(shè)計(jì),于 2009 年作為一種綜合性編程語(yǔ)言首次出現(xiàn),旨在最大限度地提高編碼效率。創(chuàng)建該語(yǔ)言的目的是修正其他已建立語(yǔ)言的缺陷。盡管 Golang(或簡(jiǎn)稱為“Go”)是一門年輕的語(yǔ)言,但已經(jīng)積累了大量的開發(fā)人員,因此我們想分享為什么在 Curve 我們喜歡 Golang,以及我們?nèi)绾尾捎盟鼇?lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)我們移動(dòng)銀行業(yè)務(wù)的目標(biāo)到云端。

Go 是一種精致的編程語(yǔ)言:它支持“所見即所得”的原則,這意味著清晰易讀的代碼和更少的復(fù)雜抽象。該語(yǔ)言本身易于使用且易于訓(xùn)練。盡管如此,作為一個(gè)相對(duì)較新的生態(tài)系統(tǒng),要找到對(duì) Go 具有廣泛預(yù)先知識(shí)的工程師可能會(huì)很棘手。

然而,與其他編程語(yǔ)言不同,Go 的創(chuàng)建是為了最大限度地提高用戶效率。因此,具有 Java 或 PHP 背景的開發(fā)人員和工程師可以在幾周內(nèi)獲得使用 Go 的技能和培訓(xùn)——根據(jù)我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn),他們中的許多人最終更喜歡它。

在 Curve,我們大力提倡測(cè)試驅(qū)動(dòng)開發(fā) (TDD),Go 的框架與這種方法保持一致。通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單地命名一個(gè)文件 foo_test.go 并在該文件中添加結(jié)構(gòu)化測(cè)試函數(shù),Go 將快速有效地運(yùn)行您的單元測(cè)試。這一創(chuàng)新功能提高了生產(chǎn)力,因?yàn)樗梢愿訉W⒂跍y(cè)試驅(qū)動(dòng)的開發(fā)和改進(jìn)的同行評(píng)審機(jī)會(huì)。

Golang 具有出色的生產(chǎn)優(yōu)化品質(zhì),例如內(nèi)存占用小,這支持其在大型項(xiàng)目中作為構(gòu)建塊的能力,以及開箱即用的與其他架構(gòu)的輕松交叉編譯。由于 Go 代碼被編譯為單個(gè)靜態(tài)二進(jìn)制文件,因此它可以輕松進(jìn)行容器化,并且通過(guò)擴(kuò)展,將 Go 部署到任何高可用性環(huán)境(例如 Kubernetes)中幾乎是微不足道的。

它提供了一種機(jī)制來(lái)保護(hù)工作負(fù)載,通過(guò)擁有非常纖薄的生產(chǎn)容器而沒有任何無(wú)關(guān)的依賴項(xiàng)。這使得構(gòu)建、部署和維護(hù)基于 Go 的資產(chǎn)更加直接和安全,并為希望建立或發(fā)展其微服務(wù)戰(zhàn)略的公司提供了可靠的選擇。

Go 是專門為滿足我們快速發(fā)展的技術(shù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的需求而創(chuàng)建的。例如,Go 可以滿足您構(gòu)建 API 所需的一切,并將其作為其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)的一部分。它使用簡(jiǎn)單,高性能的 http 服務(wù)器消除了團(tuán)隊(duì)設(shè)計(jì)新項(xiàng)目時(shí)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的一些常見的 探索 和設(shè)計(jì)癱瘓問(wèn)題——這對(duì)于一些其他流行語(yǔ)言(如 Java 和 Node.js)來(lái)說(shuō)太常見了。

Golang 還通過(guò)其內(nèi)置于語(yǔ)言本身的自動(dòng)格式化程序巧妙地解決了代碼格式化分歧。這完全消除了格式爭(zhēng)議,進(jìn)而提高了團(tuán)隊(duì)的生產(chǎn)力和注意力。

盡管我是 Go 的擁護(hù)者,但它顯然也不是沒有缺陷。一個(gè)爭(zhēng)論不休的特性是 Go 沒有顯式接口,這是許多開發(fā)人員習(xí)慣的概念。雖然不是有害的,但它可以使選擇最適合您的結(jié)構(gòu)的接口成為一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。這是因?yàn)槟粫?huì)像在其他流行的編程語(yǔ)言中那樣編寫 X 實(shí)現(xiàn) Y,但您很快就會(huì)接受。

依賴管理也是另一個(gè)不屬于 Google Golang 開發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)原始設(shè)計(jì)的功能。開源社區(qū)介入并創(chuàng)建了 Glide 和 Dep,最初的努力并沒有完全解決問(wèn)題。從 Go 1.11 開始,添加了對(duì)模塊的支持,這似乎已成為官方的依賴管理工具。這些挑戰(zhàn)并沒有削弱 Go 作為一種高效編程語(yǔ)言的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性,并且它繼續(xù)為我們提供優(yōu)于其他編程語(yǔ)言的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)。

Golang 吸引了全球敏銳的開發(fā)人員的注意,并且圍繞它的興奮繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。開源社區(qū)因有趣的項(xiàng)目而蓬勃發(fā)展;最著名的是 Docker 和 Kubernetes。

正是這種新鮮、有創(chuàng)意但又簡(jiǎn)單的包裝吸引了我們?nèi)o:它是一種令人興奮的編碼語(yǔ)言,可以幫助我們?cè)?Curve 中快速開發(fā)以構(gòu)建更好的產(chǎn)品。

「測(cè)試開發(fā)全棧化-Go」(1) Go語(yǔ)言基本了解

作為一個(gè)測(cè)試,作為一個(gè)測(cè)試開發(fā), 全棧化+管理 是我們未來(lái)的發(fā)展方向。已經(jīng)掌握了Java、Python、HTML的你,是不是也想了解下最近異常火爆的Go語(yǔ)言呢?來(lái)吧,讓我們一起了解下。

Go 是一個(gè)開源的編程語(yǔ)言 ,它能讓構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)單、可靠且高效的軟件變得容易。

Go是從2007年末由Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, Ken Thompson主持開發(fā),后來(lái)還加入了Ian Lance Taylor, Russ Cox等人,并最終于2009年11月開源,在2012年早些時(shí)候發(fā)布了Go 1穩(wěn)定版本。現(xiàn)在Go的開發(fā)已經(jīng)是完全開放的,并且擁有一個(gè)活躍的社區(qū)。這三個(gè)人都是計(jì)算機(jī)界的大神,有的參與了C語(yǔ)言的編寫,有的還是數(shù)學(xué)大神,有的還獲得了計(jì)算機(jī)最高榮譽(yù)-圖靈獎(jiǎng)。

接下來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō) Go語(yǔ)言的特色 :

簡(jiǎn)潔、快速、安全

并行、有趣、開源

內(nèi)存管理、數(shù)組安全、編譯迅速

Go語(yǔ)言的用途 :

Go 語(yǔ)言被設(shè)計(jì)成一門應(yīng)用于搭載 Web 服務(wù)器,存儲(chǔ)集群或類似用途的巨型中央服務(wù)器的系統(tǒng)編程語(yǔ)言。

對(duì)于高性能分布式系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域而言,Go 語(yǔ)言無(wú)疑比大多數(shù)其它語(yǔ)言有著更高的開發(fā)效率。它提供了海量并行的支持,這對(duì)于 游戲 服務(wù)端的開發(fā)而言是再好不過(guò)了。

Go語(yǔ)言的環(huán)境安裝:

建議直接打開 官方地址因?yàn)閴Φ脑虼虿婚_

因?yàn)槲矣玫氖莣indows系統(tǒng),這里主要講下Windows系統(tǒng)上使用Go語(yǔ)言來(lái)編程。

Windows 下可以使用 .msi 后綴(在下載列表中可以找到該文件,如go1.17.2.windows-amd64.msi)的安裝包來(lái)安裝。

默認(rèn)情況下 .msi 文件會(huì)安裝在 c:Go 目錄下。你可以將 c:Gobin 目錄添加到 Path 環(huán)境變量中。添加后你需要重啟命令窗口才能生效。個(gè)人建議還是安裝到 Program Files文件夾中。

使用什么開發(fā)工具來(lái)對(duì)Go語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行編寫:

個(gè)人建議用VS code, 也可以用Sublime Text來(lái)編輯。如果你之前看了我講的HTML語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí),肯定已經(jīng)下載了VS code. 那么這時(shí)你需要在VS code中下載Go語(yǔ)言的擴(kuò)展插件。

這里有一個(gè)巨大的坑,就是在下載Go的插件和依賴包時(shí),會(huì)提示一些包沒有。主要是因?yàn)橄螺d的依賴包部分被墻了,只能想別的辦法去下載。

建議參考網(wǎng)頁(yè):

解決vscode中g(shù)olang插件安裝失敗方法

在學(xué)習(xí)go的過(guò)程中,使用的是vscode,但是一直提示安裝相關(guān)插件失敗,然后上網(wǎng)查方法,基本上是叫你建立golang.org目錄什么的,結(jié)果全是錯(cuò)的,而且都是抄襲,很煩。無(wú)意之中看到一位博主分享的方法,他也是飽受上述的垃圾博文困擾,然后找到了解決方法,這里向他致敬,秉著讓更多人看到正確解決方法的心,我寫下正確的解決方法,希望對(duì)你有所幫助,也可以點(diǎn)開原博主鏈接參考:

Go有一個(gè)全球模塊代理,設(shè)置代理再去安裝golang的插件,就可以安裝成功了。步驟有,首先Windows用戶打開Powershell,一個(gè)藍(lán)色的界面,注意不是cmd!不知道的直接打開window下面的搜索,然后輸入powershell,搜索出來(lái)就可以了。

$env:GO111MODULE=“on”

$env:GOPROXY=“”

go env -w GOPROXY=

go env -w GOPRIVATE=*.corp.example.com

然后我們打開VsCode界面,下面會(huì)提示安裝插件,我們選擇Install ALL,就會(huì)安裝成功

當(dāng)你在運(yùn)行Go語(yǔ)言程序時(shí),提示所有的插件包都已經(jīng)安裝成功了時(shí),就可以正常使用了,要不然一堆報(bào)錯(cuò)會(huì)讓你非常心煩。

好了,今天先到這里,晚安、下班~

go依賴注入dig包使用-來(lái)自u(píng)ber公司

原文鏈接:

github:

Dependency Injection is the idea that your components (usually structs in go) should receive their dependencies when being created. This runs counter to the associated anti-pattern of components building their own dependencies during initialization. Let’s look at an example.

Suppose you have a Server struct that requires a Config struct to implement its behavior. One way to do this would be for the Server to build its own Config during initialization.

This seems convenient. Our caller doesn’t have to be aware that our Server even needs access to Config . This is all hidden from the user of our function.

However, there are some disadvantages. First of all, if we want to change the way our Config is built, we’ll have to change all the places that call the building code. Suppose, for example, our buildMyConfigSomehow function now needs an argument. Every call site would need access to that argument and would need to pass it into the building function.

Also, it gets really tricky to mock the behavior of our Config . We’ll somehow have to reach inside of our New function to monkey with the creation of Config .

Here’s the DI way to do it:

Now the creation of our Server is decoupled from the creation of the Config . We can use whatever logic we want to create the Config and then pass the resulting data to our New function.

Furthermore, if Config is an interface, this gives us an easy route to mocking. We can pass anything we want into New as long as it implements our interface. This makes testing our Server with mock implementations of Config simple.

The main downside is that it’s a pain to have to manually create the Config before we can create the Server . We’ve created a dependency graph here – we must create our Config first because of Server depends on it. In real applications these dependency graphs can become very large and this leads to complicated logic for building all of the components your application needs to do its job.

This is where DI frameworks can help. A DI framework generally provides two pieces of functionality:

A DI framework generally builds a graph based on the “providers” you tell it about and determines how to build your objects. This is very hard to understand in the abstract, so let’s walk through a moderately-sized example.

We’re going to be reviewing the code for an HTTP server that delivers a JSON response when a client makes a GET request to /people . We’ll review the code piece by piece. For simplicity sake, it all lives in the same package ( main ). Please don’t do this in real Go applications. Full code for this example can be found here .

First, let’s look at our Person struct. It has no behavior save for some JSON tags.

A Person has an Id , Name and Age . That’s it.

Next let’s look at our Config . Similar to Person , it has no dependencies. Unlike Person , we will provide a constructor.

Enabled tells us if our application should return real data. DatabasePath tells us where our database lives (we’re using sqlite). Port tells us the port on which we’ll be running our server.

Here’s the function we’ll use to open our database connection. It relies on our Config and returns a *sql.DB .

Next we’ll look at our PersonRepository . This struct will be responsible for fetching people from our database and deserializing those database results into proper Person structs.

PersonRepository requires a database connection to be built. It exposes a single function called FindAll that uses our database connection to return a list of Person structs representing the data in our database.

To provide a layer between our HTTP server and the PersonRepository , we’ll create a PersonService .

Our PersonService relies on both the Config and the PersonRepository . It exposes a function called FindAll that conditionally calls the PersonRepository if the application is enabled.

Finally, we’ve got our Server . This is responsible for running an HTTP server and delegating the appropriate requests to our PersonService .

The Server is dependent on the PersonService and the Config .

Ok, we know all the components of our system. Now how the hell do we actually initialize them and start our system?

First, let’s write our main() function the old fashioned way.

First, we create our Config . Then, using the Config , we create our database connection. From there we can create our PersonRepository which allows us to create our PersonService . Finally, we can use this to create our Server and run it.

Phew, that was complicated. Worse, as our application becomes more complicated, our main will continue to grow in complexity. Every time we add a new dependency to any of our components, we’ll have to reflect that dependency with ordering and logic in the main function to build that component.

As you might have guessed, a Dependency Injection framework can help us solve this problem. Let’s examine how.

The term “container” is often used in DI frameworks to describe the thing into which you add “providers” and out of which you ask for fully-build objects. The dig library gives us the Provide function for adding providers and the Invoke function for retrieving fully-built objects out of the container.

First, we build a new container.

Now we can add new providers. To do so, we call the Provide function on the container. It takes a single argument: a function. This function can have any number of arguments (representing the dependencies of the component to be created) and one or two return values (representing the component that the function provides and optionally an error).

The above code says “I provide a Config type to the container. In order to build it, I don’t need anything else.” Now that we’ve shown the container how to build a Config type, we can use this to build other types.

This code says “I provide a *sql.DB type to the container. In order to build it, I need a Config . I may also optionally return an error.”

In both of these cases, we’re being more verbose than necessary. Because we already have NewConfig and ConnectDatabase functions defined, we can use them directly as providers for the container.

Now, we can ask the container to give us a fully-built component for any of the types we’ve provided. We do so using the Invoke function. The Invoke function takes a single argument – a function with any number of arguments. The arguments to the function are the types we’d like the container to build for us.

The container does some really smart stuff. Here’s what happens:

That’s a lot of work the container is doing for us. In fact, it’s doing even more. The container is smart enough to build one, and only one, instance of each type provided. That means we’ll never accidentally create a second database connection if we’re using it in multiple places (say multiple repositories).

Now that we know how the dig container works, let’s use it to build a better main.

The only thing we haven’t seen before here is the error return value from Invoke . If any provider used by Invoke returns an error, our call to Invoke will halt and that error will be returned.

Even though this example is small, it should be easy to see some of the benefits of this approach over our “standard” main. These benefits become even more obvious as our application grows larger.

One of the most important benefits is the decoupling of the creation of our components from the creation of their dependencies. Say, for example, that our PersonRepository now needs access to the Config . All we have to do is change our NewPersonRepository constructor to include the Config as an argument. Nothing else in our code changes.

Other large benefits are lack of global state, lack of calls to init (dependencies are created lazily when needed and only created once, obviating the need for error-prone init setup) and ease of testing for individual components. Imagine creating your container in your tests and asking for a fully-build object to test. Or, create an object with mock implementations of all dependencies. All of these are much easier with the DI approach.

I believe Dependency Injection helps build more robust and testable applications. This is especially true as these applications grow in size. Go is well suited to building large applications and has a great DI tool in dig . I believe the Go community should embrace DI and use it in far more applications.

golang反射框架Fx

Fx是一個(gè)golang版本的依賴注入框架,它使得golang通過(guò)可重用、可組合的模塊化來(lái)構(gòu)建golang應(yīng)用程序變得非常容易,可直接在項(xiàng)目中添加以下內(nèi)容即可體驗(yàn)Fx效果。

Fx是通過(guò)使用依賴注入的方式替換了全局通過(guò)手動(dòng)方式來(lái)連接不同函數(shù)調(diào)用的復(fù)雜度,也不同于其他的依賴注入方式,F(xiàn)x能夠像普通golang函數(shù)去使用,而不需要通過(guò)使用struct標(biāo)簽或內(nèi)嵌特定類型。這樣使得Fx能夠在很多go的包中很好的使用。

接下來(lái)會(huì)提供一些Fx的簡(jiǎn)單demo,并說(shuō)明其中的一些定義。

1、一般步驟

大致的使用步驟就如下。下面會(huì)給出一些完整的demo

2、簡(jiǎn)單demo

將io.reader與具體實(shí)現(xiàn)類關(guān)聯(lián)起來(lái)

輸出:

3、使用struct參數(shù)

前面的使用方式一旦需要進(jìn)行注入的類型過(guò)多,可以通過(guò)struct參數(shù)方式來(lái)解決

輸出

如果通過(guò)Provide提供構(gòu)造函數(shù)是生成相同類型會(huì)有什么問(wèn)題?換句話也就是相同類型擁有多個(gè)值呢?

下面兩種方式就是來(lái)解決這樣的問(wèn)題。

4、使用struct參數(shù)+Name標(biāo)簽

在Fx未使用Name或Group標(biāo)簽時(shí)不允許存在多個(gè)相同類型的構(gòu)造函數(shù),一旦存在會(huì)觸發(fā)panic。

輸出

上面通過(guò)Name標(biāo)簽即可完成在Fx容器注入相同類型

5、使用struct參數(shù)+Group標(biāo)簽

使用group標(biāo)簽同樣也能完成上面的功能

輸出

基本上Fx簡(jiǎn)單應(yīng)用在上面的例子也做了簡(jiǎn)單講解

1、Annotated(位于annotated.go文件) 主要用于采用annotated的方式,提供Provide注入類型

源碼中Name和Group兩個(gè)字段與前面提到的Name標(biāo)簽和Group標(biāo)簽是一樣的,只能選其一使用

2、App(位于app.go文件) 提供注入對(duì)象具體的容器、LiftCycle、容器的啟動(dòng)及停止、類型變量及實(shí)現(xiàn)類注入和兩者映射等操作

至于Provide和Populate的源碼相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)單易懂在這里不在描述

具體源碼

3、Extract(位于extract.go文件)

主要用于在application啟動(dòng)初始化過(guò)程通過(guò)依賴注入的方式將容器中的變量值來(lái)填充給定的struct,其中target必須是指向struct的指針,并且只能填充可導(dǎo)出的字段(golang只能通過(guò)反射修改可導(dǎo)出并且可尋址的字段),Extract將被Populate代替。 具體源碼

4、其他

諸如Populate是用來(lái)替換Extract的,而LiftCycle和inout.go涉及內(nèi)容比較多后續(xù)會(huì)單獨(dú)提供專屬文件說(shuō)明。

在Fx中提供的構(gòu)造函數(shù)都是惰性調(diào)用,可以通過(guò)invocations在application啟動(dòng)來(lái)完成一些必要的初始化工作:fx.Invoke(function); 通過(guò)也可以按需自定義實(shí)現(xiàn)LiftCycle的Hook對(duì)應(yīng)的OnStart和OnStop用來(lái)完成手動(dòng)啟動(dòng)容器和關(guān)閉,來(lái)滿足一些自己實(shí)際的業(yè)務(wù)需求。

Fx框架源碼解析

主要包括app.go、lifecycle.go、annotated.go、populate.go、inout.go、shutdown.go、extract.go(可以忽略,了解populate.go)以及輔助的internal中的fxlog、fxreflect、lifecycle

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