這篇文章給大家介紹怎么在Java中實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)ArrayList.add方法,內(nèi)容非常詳細(xì),感興趣的小伙伴們可以參考借鑒,希望對(duì)大家能有所幫助。

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ArrayList是平時(shí)相當(dāng)常用的List實(shí)現(xiàn), 其中boolean add(E e) 的實(shí)現(xiàn)比較直接:
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}有時(shí)候也使用 void add(int index, E element) 把元素插入到指定的index上. 在JDK中的實(shí)現(xiàn)是:
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
* list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
* any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
*
* @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
* @param element element to be inserted
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
elementData[index] = element;
size++;
}略有差別, 需要保證當(dāng)前elementData 數(shù)組容量夠用, 然后把從index處一直到尾部的數(shù)組元素都向后挪一位. 最后把要插入的元素賦給數(shù)組的index處.
一直以來(lái), 我都認(rèn)為 System.arraycopy 這個(gè)native方法, 它的c++實(shí)現(xiàn)是調(diào)用底層的memcpy, 直接方便, 效率也沒(méi)問(wèn)題.
但今天看了openJDK的源碼發(fā)現(xiàn)并非如此.
以openJDK8u60 為例, 在objArrayKlass.cpp 中:
void ObjArrayKlass::copy_array(arrayOop s, int src_pos, arrayOop d,
int dst_pos, int length, TRAPS) {
assert(s->is_objArray(), "must be obj array");
if (!d->is_objArray()) {
THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayStoreException());
}
// Check is all offsets and lengths are non negative
if (src_pos < 0 || dst_pos < 0 || length < 0) {
THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException());
}
// Check if the ranges are valid
if ( (((unsigned int) length + (unsigned int) src_pos) > (unsigned int) s->length())
|| (((unsigned int) length + (unsigned int) dst_pos) > (unsigned int) d->length()) ) {
THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException());
}
// Special case. Boundary cases must be checked first
// This allows the following call: copy_array(s, s.length(), d.length(), 0).
// This is correct, since the position is supposed to be an 'in between point', i.e., s.length(),
// points to the right of the last element.
if (length==0) {
return;
}
if (UseCompressedOops) {
narrowOop* const src = objArrayOop(s)->obj_at_addr<narrowOop>(src_pos);
narrowOop* const dst = objArrayOop(d)->obj_at_addr<narrowOop>(dst_pos);
do_copy<narrowOop>(s, src, d, dst, length, CHECK);
} else {
oop* const src = objArrayOop(s)->obj_at_addr<oop>(src_pos);
oop* const dst = objArrayOop(d)->obj_at_addr<oop>(dst_pos);
do_copy<oop> (s, src, d, dst, length, CHECK);
}
}可以看到copy_array在做了各種檢查之后, 最終copy的部分在do_copy方法中, 而這個(gè)方法實(shí)現(xiàn)如下:
// Either oop or narrowOop depending on UseCompressedOops.
template <class T> void ObjArrayKlass::do_copy(arrayOop s, T* src,
arrayOop d, T* dst, int length, TRAPS) {
BarrierSet* bs = Universe::heap()->barrier_set();
// For performance reasons, we assume we are that the write barrier we
// are using has optimized modes for arrays of references. At least one
// of the asserts below will fail if this is not the case.
assert(bs->has_write_ref_array_opt(), "Barrier set must have ref array opt");
assert(bs->has_write_ref_array_pre_opt(), "For pre-barrier as well.");
if (s == d) {
// since source and destination are equal we do not need conversion checks.
assert(length > 0, "sanity check");
bs->write_ref_array_pre(dst, length);
Copy::conjoint_oops_atomic(src, dst, length);
} else {
// We have to make sure all elements conform to the destination array
Klass* bound = ObjArrayKlass::cast(d->klass())->element_klass();
Klass* stype = ObjArrayKlass::cast(s->klass())->element_klass();
if (stype == bound || stype->is_subtype_of(bound)) {
// elements are guaranteed to be subtypes, so no check necessary
bs->write_ref_array_pre(dst, length);
Copy::conjoint_oops_atomic(src, dst, length);
} else {
// slow case: need individual subtype checks
// note: don't use obj_at_put below because it includes a redundant store check
T* from = src;
T* end = from + length;
for (T* p = dst; from < end; from++, p++) {
// XXX this is going to be slow.
T element = *from;
// even slower now
bool element_is_null = oopDesc::is_null(element);
oop new_val = element_is_null ? oop(NULL)
: oopDesc::decode_heap_oop_not_null(element);
if (element_is_null ||
(new_val->klass())->is_subtype_of(bound)) {
bs->write_ref_field_pre(p, new_val);
*p = element;
} else {
// We must do a barrier to cover the partial copy.
const size_t pd = pointer_delta(p, dst, (size_t)heapOopSize);
// pointer delta is scaled to number of elements (length field in
// objArrayOop) which we assume is 32 bit.
assert(pd == (size_t)(int)pd, "length field overflow");
bs->write_ref_array((HeapWord*)dst, pd);
THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayStoreException());
return;
}
}
}
}
bs->write_ref_array((HeapWord*)dst, length);
}可以看到, 在設(shè)定了heap barrier之后, 元素是在for循環(huán)中被一個(gè)個(gè)挪動(dòng)的. 做的工作比我想象的要多.
如果有m個(gè)元素, 按照給定位置, 使用ArrayList.add(int,E)逐個(gè)插入到一個(gè)長(zhǎng)度為n的ArrayList中, 復(fù)雜度應(yīng)當(dāng)是O(m*n), 或者O(m*(m+n)), 所以, 如果m和n都不小的話, 效率確實(shí)是不高的.
效率高一些的方法是, 建立m+n長(zhǎng)度的數(shù)組或ArrayList, 在給定位置賦值該m個(gè)要插入的元素, 其他位置依次賦值原n長(zhǎng)度List的元素. 這樣時(shí)間復(fù)雜度應(yīng)當(dāng)是O(m+n).
還有, 在前面的實(shí)現(xiàn)中, 我們可以看到有對(duì)ensureCapacityInternal(int) 的調(diào)用. 這個(gè)保證數(shù)組容量的實(shí)現(xiàn)主要在:
/**
* Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
* number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}大家知道由于效率原因, ArrayList容量增長(zhǎng)不是正好按照要求的容量minCapacity來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)的, 新容量計(jì)算的主要邏輯是: 如果要求容量比當(dāng)前容量的1.5倍大, 就按照要求容量重新分配空間; 否則按當(dāng)前容量1.5倍增加. 當(dāng)然不能超出Integer.MAX_VALUE了. oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1) 實(shí)際就是當(dāng)前容量1.5倍, 等同于(int) (oldCapacity * 1.5), 但因這段不涉及浮點(diǎn)運(yùn)算只是移位, 顯然效率高不少.
所以如果ArrayList一個(gè)一個(gè)add元素的話, 容量是在不夠的時(shí)候1.5倍增長(zhǎng)的. 關(guān)于1.5這個(gè)數(shù)字, 或許是覺(jué)得2倍增長(zhǎng)太快了吧. 也或許有實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的驗(yàn)證支撐.
Java中的集合主要分為四類(lèi):1、List列表:有序的,可重復(fù)的;2、Queue隊(duì)列:有序,可重復(fù)的;3、Set集合:不可重復(fù);4、Map映射:無(wú)序,鍵唯一,值不唯一。
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